Cool Collections For You: May 2011

Tuesday 31 May 2011

~:C.C.4.U:~ . Why Getting Kicked In The Balls Causes Pain In The Abdomen

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For Sources and More Information See the Links Below:
1. Why Getting Kicked In The Balls Causes Pain In The Abdomen
2. Why It IS taNearly Impossible To Tickle Yourself
3. What Those Nasty White Chunks That Come From Your Throat Are
4. What Causes Muscle Soreness After Exercising (Note: It's Not Lactic Acid)
5. About 85% Of People Only Breathe Out Of One Nostril At A Time
6. A Typical Human Gut Contains About 100 Trillion Bacterial Cells
7. The Tongue Doesn't Have Zones For Different Tastes
8. What the "Sleep" In Your Eyes Is
9. Why Your Nose Gets Runny When It is Cold
10. Humans Have a Lot More Than Five Senses

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Asha

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~:C.C.4.U:~ Today I Found Out

The New Mexico Whiptail Lizard is Made Up Entirely of Females

Posted: 31 May 2011 05:21 AM PDT

Today I found out the New Mexico Whiptail lizard is made up entirely of females.

While this isn't completely unheard of among various life forms on Earth, such as with certain plants, insects, and sea life, among others, what is particularly interesting is how the New Mexico Whiptail lizards go about reproducing. To do this, they will generally perform a type of pseudocopulation where two females will act out having sex as if one was a male.

While not strictly required to reproduce, this simulated sex has been shown to increase the fertility of the particular lizards acting out copulation, producing more eggs than those who don't. Also of interest is that the lizard acting out the female role on bottom will produce bigger eggs than the one acting out the male role. Who gets to be on top or bottom is alternated from mating season to mating season, with those who acted out the male part one season, switching to act out the female part the next, and vice-verse.

Interestingly, the offspring of the lizards are not actually perfect clones of one another. Rather, recent research by doctoral student Aracely Lutes at Baumann Lab has shown that they produce twice the number of chromosomes as other types of Whiptail lizards which mate normally. A process of recombination of these chromosomes then occurs, somewhat similar to what happens in normal male/female pairings, which then produces genetically diverse offspring.

Bonus Factoids:

"Parthenogenesis", which is the technical name for how the New Mexico Whiptail lizards reproduce, comes from the Greek "parthenos", meaning "virgin", and "genesis", meaning "birth".
Komodo dragons; hammerhead sharks; brahminy blind snakes; water fleas; certain types of bees, scorpions, wasps, and even some types of birds, among others, are among other animal species that are capable of reproducing asexually, if necessary.
The first documented case of a hammerhead shark reproducing asexually happened on December 14, 2001 at the Henry Doorly Zoo in Nebraska where a female hammerhead shark, which was kept in isolation from males, miraculously gave birth to a pup. The pup was unfortunately killed by a stingray shortly thereafter, but testing showed that the pup was, in fact, a child of only its mother, though not a perfect clone, containing only half of its mother's DNA. This made it the first documented case of a cartilaginous fish reproducing this way.
The New Mexico Whiptail lizard is the state reptile of New Mexico, though it can also be found in Arizona as well as Northern Mexico.
New Mexico Whiptail lizards typically rely on their speed and hiding in vegetation to avoid predators. They eat various insects and other such creatures they can find on the ground. They can also dig into the ground to find food. Full grown, they tend to measure around 6-9 inches long.
Another form of asexual reproduction similar to parthenogenesis is called "gynogenesis". In gynogenesis, the process is more or less exactly the same as parthenogenesis except the egg does require the presence of sperm in order to trigger development, though the sperm itself doesn't contribute its genetic code to the offspring. In these cases, the sperm is generally from another species of animal, such that the sperm couldn't contribute its genetic code. Certain types of salamanders, among others, exhibit gynogenetic reproduction.

Sources:

10 Fascinating Facts About The Human Body

Posted: 30 May 2011 07:00 AM PDT

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For Sources and More Information See the Links Below:
1. Why Getting Kicked In The Balls Causes Pain In The Abdomen
2. Why It IS Nearly Impossible To Tickle Yourself
3. What Those Nasty White Chunks That Come From Your Throat Are
4. What Causes Muscle Soreness After Exercising (Note: It's Not Lactic Acid)
5. About 85% Of People Only Breathe Out Of One Nostril At A Time
6. A Typical Human Gut Contains About 100 Trillion Bacterial Cells
7. The Tongue Doesn't Have Zones For Different Tastes
8. What the "Sleep" In Your Eyes Is
9. Why Your Nose Gets Runny When It is Cold
10. Humans Have a Lot More Than Five Senses

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~:C.C.4.U:~ INCREDIBLY EXPENSIVE HUMAN ACCIDENTS DINESH VORA

INCREDIBLY EXPENSIVE HUMAN ACCIDENTS
DINESH VORA

[10] TITANIC

Cost $150 Million

The sinking of the Titanic is possibly the most famous accident in the world. But it barely makes our list of top 10 most expensive. On April 15, 1912, the Titanic sank on its maiden voyage and was considered to be the most luxurious ocean liner ever built. Over 1,500 people lost their lives when the ship ran into an iceberg and sunk in frigid waters. The ship cost $7 million to build ($150 million in today's dollars).

[9] Tanker Truck vs Bridge

$358 Million

On August 26, 2004, a car collided with a tanker truck containing 32,000 liters of fuel on the Wiehltal Bridge in Germany. The tanker crashed through the guardrail and fell 90 feet off the A4 Autobahn resulting in a huge explosion and fire which destroyed the load-bearing ability of the bridge. Temporary repairs cost $40 million and the cost to replace the bridge is estimated at $318 Million.

[8] MetroLink Crash

cost $500 Million

On September 12, 2008, in what was one of the worst train crashes in California history, 25 people were killed when a Metrolink commuter train crashed head-on into a Union Pacific freight train in Los Angeles. It is thought that the Metrolink train may have run through a red signal while the conductor was busy text messaging. Wrongful death lawsuits are expected to cause $500 million in losses for Metrolink.

[7] B-2 Bomber Crash

cost $1.4 Billion

Here we have our first billion dollar accident (and we're only #7 on the list). This B-2 stealth bomber crashed shortly after taking off from an air base in Guam on February 23, 2008. Investigators blamed distorted data in the flight control computers caused by moisture in the system. This resulted in the aircraft making a sudden nose-up move which made the B-2 stall and crash. This was 1 of only 21 ever built and was the most expensive aviation accident in history. Both pilots were able to eject to safety.

The crash was captured on video. It shows one B-2 Bomber successfully taking off followed by the B-2 Bomber which crashes. The crash starts at 2:00

[6] Exxon Valdez

cost $2.5 Billion

The Exxon Valdez oil spill was not a large one in relation to the world's biggest oil spills, but it was a costly one due to the remote location of Prince William Sound (accessible only by helicopter and boat). On March 24, 1989, 10.8 million gallons of oil was spilled when the ship's master, Joseph Hazelwood, left the controls and the ship crashed into a Reef. The cleanup cost Exxon $2.5 billion.

[5] Piper Alpha Oil Rig

$3.4 Billion

The world's worst off-shore oil disaster. At one time, it was the world's single largest oil producer, spewing out 317,000 barrels of oil per day.. On July 6, 1988, as part of routine maintenance, technicians removed and checked safety valves which were essential in preventing dangerous build-up of liquid gas. There were 100 identical safety valves which were checked. Unfortunately, the technicians made a mistake and forgot to replace one of them. At 10 PM that same night, a technician pressed a start button for the liquid gas pumps and the world's most expensive oil rig accident was set in motion.

Within 2 hours, the 300 foot platform was engulfed in flames. It eventually collapsed, killing 167 workers and resulting in $3.4 Billion in damages.

[4] Challenger Explosion

cost $5.5 Billion

The Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed 73 seconds after takeoff due on January 28, 1986 due to a faulty O-ring. It failed to seal one of the joints, allowing pressurized gas to reach the outside. This in turn caused the external tank to dump its payload of liquid hydrogen causing a massive explosion. The cost of replacing the Space Shuttle was $2 billion in 1986 ($4.5 billion in today's dollars). The cost of investigation, problem correction, and replacement of lost equipment cost $450 million from 1986-1987 ($1 Billion in today's dollars).

[3] Prestige Oil Spill

cost $12 Billion

On November 13, 2002, the Prestige oil tanker was carrying 77,000 tons of heavy fuel oil when one of its twelve tanks burst during a storm off Galicia, Spain. Fearing that the ship would sink, the captain called for help from Spanish rescue workers, expecting them to take the ship into harbour. However, pressure from local authorities forced the captain to steer the ship away from the coast. The captain tried to get help from the French and Portuguese authorities, but they too ordered the ship away from their shores. The storm eventually took its toll on the ship resulting in the tanker splitting in half and releasing 20 million gallons oil into the sea.

According to a report by the Pontevedra Economist Board, the total cleanup cost $12 billion.

[2] Space Shuttle Columbia

cost $13 Billion

The Space Shuttle Columbia was the first space worthy shuttle in NASA's orbital fleet. It was destroyed during re-entry over Texas on February 1, 2003 after a hole was punctured in one of the wings during launch 16 days earlier. The original cost of the shuttle was $2 Billion in 1978. That comes out to $6.3 Billion in today's dollars. $500 million was spent on the investigation, making it the costliest aircraft accident investigation in history. The search and recovery of debris cost $300 million.

In the end, the total cost of the accident (not including replacement of the shuttle) came out to $13 Billion according to the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

[1] Chernobyl

cost $200 Billion

On April 26, 1986, the world witnessed the costliest accident in history. The Chernobyl disaster has been called the biggest socio-economic catastrophe in peacetime history. 50% of the area of Ukraine is in some way contaminated. Over 200,000 people had to be evacuated and resettled while 1.7 million people were directly affected by the disaster. The death toll attributed to Chernobyl, including people who died from cancer years later, is estimated at 125,000. The total costs including cleanup, resettlement, and compensation to victims has been estimated to be roughly $200 Billion. The cost of a new steel shelter for the Chernobyl nuclear plant will cost $2 billion alone. The accident was officially attributed to power plant operators who violated plant procedures and were ignorant of the safety requirements needed.

INCREDIBLY EXPENSIVE HUMAN ACCIDENTS
DINESH VORA

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~:C.C.4.U:~ POTHOLES PROJECT

POTHOLES PROJECT...!

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